In recent years many foreign students from various countries have come to Chinafor higher medical education or advanced studies. To adapt to ever-increasinginternational communication, bilingual education is inevitable for universities.It is necessary to teach pathophysiology in English for foreign students whohave difficulty communicating in Chinese. We have designed this textbook toaid these students with their studies and to help them master necessary Chinesepathophysiological terminology. This textbook is designed to provide a concise summary of pathophysiology. It contains a learning guide，case files，main teaching content， exerases，and also provides some professional terminology in Chinese. We hope these students will find that this book provides useful reading material to assist them in understanding pathophysiology and enhanang their Chinese proficiency. This book is also suitable for Chinese students to improve their English level for academic purposes. This work is supported by the Capital Medical University of China. We wish to express our heartfelt thanks to Professor Xinliang Ma，at thomas Jefferson University USA，and Professor Like Zhang，at Capital Medical University of China，for their valuable review. We are especially grateful to Yunhui Du，PhD，for her assistance of proofing the whole book. We are also heartily thankful to co-editors that contributed their time and effort to this book and all the other contributors of this book for their excellent work to make this book available.

前辅文
Chapter 1 Introduction
  1.1 The Function and Elements of Pathophysiology
  1.2 The Major Research Methods Involved in Pathophysiology
Chapter 2 Concept of Disease
  2.1 Concepts of Health and Disease
  2.2 Etiology
  2.3 Pathogenesis
  2.4 Clinical Manifestations
  2.5 Diagnosis
  2.6 Clinical Course
  2.7 Outcome of Disease
Chapter 3 Water and Electrolyte Metabolism
  3.1 Water and Sodium Metabolism Disorders
  3.2 Disorders of Potassium Metabolism
Chapter 4 Acid base Disturbance
  4.1 The Regulation of Acid base Homeostasis
  4.2 Simple Acid base Disorders
  4.3 Complex Acid base Disorders
  4.4 Clinical Measurements and Analysis of Acid base Disorders
Chapter 5 Stress
  5.1 Stressor
  5.2 Stress Response
  5.3 Altered Metabolism and Function
  5.4 Stress Diseases and Stress Related Diseases
  5.5 Pathophysiological Basis of Prevention and Treatment for Stress Disorders
Chapter 6 Fever
  6.1 Etiology
  6.2 Stages and Manifestation
  6.3 Altered Metabolism and Function
  6.4 Pathophysiological Basis of Prevention and Treatment
Chapter 7 Hypoxia
  7.1 Parameters of Blood Oxygen
  7.2 Classification, Etiology and Mechanisms of Hypoxia
  7.3 Alterations of Metabolism and Function in the Body
  7.4 Pathophysiological Basis of Prevention and Treatment of Hypoxia
Chapter 8 Disorders of Balance between Coagulation and Anticoagulation
  8.1 Normal Balance between Coagulation and Anticoagulation
  8.2 Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation （DIC）
Chapter 9 Ischemia reperfusion Injury
  9.1 Etiology
  9.2 Duration of Ischemia
  9.3 Pathogenesis
  9.4 Alterations of Metabolism and Function in Myocardial Ischemia reperfusion Injury
  9.5 Cerebral Ischemia reperfusion Injury
  9.6 Ischemia reperfusion Injury in Other Organs
  9.7 Pathophysiological Basis of Prevention and Treatment
Chapter 10 Shock
  10.1 The Etiology and Classification of Shock
  10.2 The Development Process and Underlying Mechanisms of Shock
  10.3 Cell Injury and Metabolic Changes in Shock
  10.4 Organ Dysfunction during Shock
  10.5 Treatment of Shock and Its Rationale
Chapter 11 Heart Failure
  11.1 Etiology of Cardiac Insufficiency
  11.2 Classification of Heart Failure
  11.3 Compensatory Responses in Cardiac Insufficiency
  11.4 Pathogenesis of Heart Failure
  11.5 Alterations of Metabolism and Function in Cardiac Insufficiency
  11.6 Pathophysiological Basis of Prevention and Treatment for Cardiac Insufficiency
Chapter 12 Respiratory Failure
  12.1 The Etiology and Pathogenesis
  12.2 The Alteration of Function and Metabolism
  12.3 The Pathophysiological Basis of Treatment
Chapter 13 Hepatic Insufficiency
  13.1 Hepatic Insufficiency
  13.2 Hepatic Encephalopathy
  13.3 Hepatorenal Syndrome
Chapter 14 Renal Failure
  14.1 Etiology and Pathogenesis of Acute Renal Failure
  14.2 Alterations of Metabolism/Function during ARF
  14.3 Acute Renal Failure Management